Is Urbanisation Positive Or Negative Environmental Sciences Essay

Is Urbanisation Positive Or Negative Environmental Sciences Essay Urban populations have greatly increased. Just recently, it exceeds the rural population around the world. There are some advantages and disadvantages of urbanization. This essay, will discuss its positive effects and negative effects of urbanization. Urbanization is good and desirable. It goes hand in hand with economic development (Debroy, 2009). People move into cities to get a better employment. In rural areas, people usually have small family farms, but it is difficult to improve ones living standard. Farm living depends on unpredictable environmental conditions. If it comes up against a drought or flood, the life will become very difficult. So people living on a farm might wish to take their chance by moving to the city and trying to make enough money to send back home to their struggling family. That is why more and more people move to cities. The development of social economy is the driving force of urbanization, while the economic globalization further accelerated urbanization. Urbanization affects many areas. At first lets discuss the relationship between urbanization and population. U.S. Population Research Institute show: There are about half of the current global population lives in cities. By 2050 this proportion will increase to two-thirds, which would bring more pressure to the citys infrastructure and resources. In 1900, 10 of the worlds most populated cities were in North America and Europe, but in the 20th century, in the top ten cities, only Tokyo, New York and Los Angeles were the cities in developed countries. But developing countries can not provide appropriate living conditions for so many urban residents. At present, there are about 25 to 30 percent of the population all over the world lives in inadequate housing facilities, or lack of water in and sewage treatment facilities streets (Chen, 2009). Urban slums are places where not only diarrhea, typhoid, gastroenteritis and other water-related diseases but also the breeding ground for sexually transmitted diseases such as AIDS. So the uncontrolled increase population is one of the biggest problems of urbanization. The government needs to resolve it. Urbanization has a huge impact on the environment. The large-scale urban constructions change the original natural environment, and cause great changes for the original ecological environment. It also changed the original nature of the underlying surface. The changes of underlying surface cause the urban heat island effect. Urban construction destroys the original river system. Urbanization changes the way we use the land, and changes the original agricultural land into building land and formed a city function area (The effects of urbanization, 2008). So the urban landscape replaces the original rural landscape. Urbanization also influences the forms of employment of residents, regional industrial activities and non-agricultural activities become the main working style in the cities. Generally, the advantages of urbanization can be listed as follows. First, urbanization makes our life easier and more convenient, and it has promoted communication among people. Second, urbanization can quicken our pace of living and working style to catch up with the developed countries-as we all know that the developed countries are all high urbanized. Third, when more and more people flood into cities, the city is often becoming bigger and bigger and urban development is experiencing a new round of leaping forward. Fourth, urbanization can bring a lot of job opportunities for the people who are out of work. Urbanization is often viewed as a negative trend, but in fact, it occurs naturally from individual and corporate efforts to reduce expense in commuting and transportation while improving opportunities for jobs, education, housing, and transportation. Living in cities permits individuals and families to take advantage of the opportunities of proximity, diversity, and marketplace competition (The effects of urbanization, 2008). However, the disadvantages of urbanization are also obvious. To begin with, the city pollution, especially industrial three wastes ¼Ã‹â€ so called: air pollution, water pollution and solid waste pollution ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °, damages the environment and ecology of peri-urban area. Air pollution, water pollution, and solid waste pollution decrease the quality of the urban environment and endanger peoples health. The changes of underlying surface cause the urban heat island effect. The urban heat island effect has become a growing concern problem over the years. Additional city heat is given off by vehicles and factories, as well as industrial and domestic heating and cooling units. This effect causes the city to become 1 to 6à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã†â€™ warmer than surrounding landscapes. The effect also reduces the water in soil and increase carbon dioxide emissions (The effects of urbanization, 2008). Traffic and factory may cause noise pollution, which affects peoples rest, work and communication, and even affects their health. Traffic congestion and poor housing conditions are other problems in cities. Traffic congestion is leading to serious wastes of time and energy. Meanwhile lack of housing and its poor quality affect the quality of urban environment. Rapid growth of the urban population may cause the problem of unemployment. It is imbalance in development between Urban and rural. A large number of landless farmers on resettlement are the biggest problem of government departments. Moreover, more problems, such as increasing crime rate, over-crowding, might increase, since more people are concentrated in a relatively smaller place. But the problems above can be solved by government. First, the government should order the factory to reduce emissions. Then advises people do the garbage recycling. Second, the government should plant more trees in the city. Third, develops public transports. Finally, the government needs to control the population increase and improves peoples living standards. It is obvious that the advantages outweigh the disadvantages. Urbanization is an inevitable product of social development. High urbanized growth is the mark of developed countries. The process of urbanization is same as the process of human development. Although in this process we will meet many problems, we should try to solve it. So our city will have a better future.

Capital punishment :: essays research papers

Capital Punishment: A View of the punishments in America today: Capital Punishment by definition is the term used for the death penalty. Capital punishment is the most extreme of all sentencing options. In the United States capital punishment is legal in thirty-nine of the fifty states. Beginning in 1973, prison populations began a sure growth. There were 204,211 inmates in 1973, and by 1977 the number of prisoners had grown to 285,456, which later grew to 315,974 in 1980. By 1976, it was clear that the death penalty had to be reinstated. America’s twenty-one year experiment with capital punishment has resulted in a total of 392 executions, seventy eight of which took place in 1996 alone. Of these only thirty-four were federal cases, out of which thirty two were male and only two were female. Every year about 15,000 killers are charged and only about 300 wind up on death row. The death row population is constantly increasing. It is now more than 3,000. Because of constant appeals, it takes a person on death row typically between five to eight years to finally get   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Medugno 2 executed. To kill all the prisoners on death row, it is estimated that it would take two executions a day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  for seven years. Crimes such as aiding in suicide, causing a boat collision resulting in death, forced marriage, espionage, castrating another, rape, homicide, child molesting resulting in death, and conspiracy to kidnap for ransom among many others are, in some states, crimes that are punishable by death. What the law permits, however, is not always used by the courts or the executive authorities. Most executions are a result of a murder or rape, and a small number for robbery, kidnaping, burglary, aggravated assault and espionage. In the US, the death penalty is currently authorized in one of five ways: hanging, which has been the traditional method of execution throughout the English-speaking world; electrocution, which was introduced by New York State in 1890; the gas chamber which was first adopted by Nevada in 1923; the firing squad which is used only in Utah and Idaho, and lethal injection which was introduced in 1977 by Oklahoma and is the most common form of execution in the US. Capital punishment is legal in Washington State, Montana, Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, South Dakota, Nebraska, Nevada, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, Mississippi, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky,

hard :: essays research papers

Hard Times, by Charles Dickens, was a representation of his time. Times were hard for children and adults alike. People who questioned what they were taught, often went through struggles and â€Å"hard times.† Eventually, the people who were looked down were the ones who really helped those in need. Throughout the book, there are many ironic instances. Thomas Gradgrind was a man built on the idea that facts and statistics were the only truth in life and all that was needed to have a healthy and productive life. The only truth to him was his very own vision of the truth. Simple put, Thomas Gradgrind strived for perfection. He strived to be perfect, which is what his philosophy was based on, and he strived to make his children perfect and not to wonder. He raised his children never to wonder, never to doubt facts and to never entertain any vice or fancy. As soon as Gradgrind’s children were old enough to absorb, he was feeding giving more lessons than they could hold. His children were brought up only knowing one way to live and that was the idea that if it is not fact, then it is false. He was emotionaless as were his children because they were brought up only knowing what they were taught by him. Eventually, as Gradgrind’s children became older, what they were taught began to turn sour in their minds. Tom, Grandgrindà ¢â‚¬â„¢s son, began to despise his father and all he was taught and thus began to rebel. He took to smoking and gambling, which eventually led to his downfall. Tom had grown up to become a sycophantic, self-absorbed parasite. He had turned out the exact opposite as hoped. Thomas Gradgrind had raised his children never to wonder, but wondering intrigued them. Gradrgind had observed his children peeking into a circus tent because they were curious as to what was inside. The children were scolded for being curious, but seeds were planted into their minds of how there was more to life than what they had been taught. Futhermore, Tom, a usually well-behaved child, began to rebel after this incident. At first, he was rebelling in his mind, but eventually, after Tom moved out of his father’s house, so began his more visible rebellion. Once more, this is exactly what Mr. Gradgrind had tried to avoid whilst raising his children. When Tom Gradgrind was in serious trouble because of his gambling debts, he confided in his sister, Louisa.

Nursing ADN vs BSN Essay

If you would have asked me a year ago if there was a difference in the competency level between a nurse who has their associate degree and a nurse that has their baccalaureate degree I would have said, â€Å"No†. That answer would not have been an honest one, but rather an answer born from frustration. When I was in my first year of nursing school, our instructors informed us that all across the nation Magnet hospitals were pledging that they were only going to hire entry-level nurses who had their baccalaureate degree moving forward. That news was discouraging because I had just changed careers and was considered lucky to be in a two year associates degree program, especially since nursing schools everywhere were saturated with applicants. I did not expect to come out of school and have to jump right in to a BSN program to keep myself marketable. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing states that; â€Å"Quality patient care hinges on having a well-educated nursing workforce. (Rosseter, 2012, p. 1) Now as I look back at my three years of nursing experience, I must admit that a higher education in nursing would benefit not only my ability to find and keep a job, become a platform to continue my education but also it will benefit the way I approach planning for my patients care. I now feel that a higher education level brings with it the ability to not only understand how a patient came to be under my care, but also why. If a patient comes to my hospital with a wound to his leg and that same patient has diabetes, as a nurse with an ADN degree, I may be inclined to dress the wound as ordered and treat the diabetes as ordered without thought to why or how this happened. With a higher degree in nursing practice, I will not only have a better understanding of how to help the wound heal quickly and properly ccompanied with the proper tools, but I will also have a better understanding of the patients underlying diagnosis of diabetes and how I can help the patient understand what type of care will be given at the hospital in addition to accessed care out in society to ensure that this particular problem will not arise again. I, most likely will have a better understanding of outside resources that I can pass on to the patient before discharge so that he may better manage his overall health at home. I will hopefully be able to instill in this patient the need to educate himself on his disease so that the visits to the hospital are infrequent. The higher the education level, the more confident the nursing diagnoses are. In other words, as a nurse with a baccalaureate degree, I feel I will know how to articulate in a more productive way to ensure that the patient gets the best explanation of what interventions are being performed and why. With a higher education, I should feel more confident in my abilities to perform any and all tasks needed on a daily basis to help my patients. I am very fortunate to have nurses in my work place that value education and think along the same lines as Grand Canyon University when it stated in its Nursing Philosophy, â€Å"Students are educated to provide, direct and evaluate client-centered care while focusing on the person as an integrated whole. † (Grand Canyon University [GCU], 2011, 9). One huge advantage to becoming a highly educated nurse is that I will feel more comfortable when speaking to multidisciplinary teams about patient care. Most colleagues that we come in contact with during these meetings â€Å"are educated at the master’s degree of higher level. † (Rosseter, 2012, p. 2) Some examples are; case managers, social workers, speech pathologists and pharmacists to name a few. I am currently a charge nurse on the diabetic floor of my hospital and I work with these people every Tuesday to discuss patient flow. I can see the level of confidence they have in their roles having been educated at a higher level than myself and I cannot wait until I can feel that same level of confidence as my co-workers. In conclusion, those of us that are continuing our education should encourage other nurses to advance their careers and education level as well. We all can benefit from higher education and many studies have been done to prove this theory. It makes sense that if we are left in charge of a patient’s well-being, we should know, with confidence that we are doing our job to the best of our ability. One thing that is constant in nursing is change and the way to keep up with change is through continued education.

Comparative negligence of a child Essay

So†¦what do you think about this defense? Do you think it’s viable? Are there other things to consider?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unfortunately, it is a viable defense.   At least there are legal precedents and provisions for contributory negligence.   But i always that defense was mostly used in business to business contract disputes.   I thought it worked this way: if company A hires company B to do, say, a financial audit.   If company A doesn’t give B all of its records, and then sues them for giving the wrong audit position, then company contributed to the wrongdoing by NOT giving company B the records it needed. Also, considering that this is a 7 year old, the question becomes what 7 year old is beyond negligence.   As adults we have a higher responsibility than children.   I would say that only adults can truly be guilty of contributory negligence.   The main thing to consider is that the driver was drunk.   What could any 7 year old (or 17 or 70 year old) do to ward off a drunk driver.   If he lost control due to his drunkeness there was nothing that child could have done except stay in the house.   And that is unreasonable.   No jury should award in their favor or against the defendant. Pre-Judgment versus Post-Judgment Interest (Response Question) Make sense?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The interest makes sense.   What doesn’t make sense is that there is no precedent or clarification on how the interest is actually calculated.   That is where a good lawyer comes in.   He/she would have to specify how they want it done in the initial lawsuit.   I think that interest on awarded damages gives the recipient an opportunity to be compensated for the time it takes to complete the suit and transfer the money. After 4 years the interest really isn’t pocket money, it is just adjusting the award for inflation.   The other thing interest does is allow you to get more money than would normally be allowed in a particular type of lawsuit.   I think that courts should make uniform rules for the interest rate that can be awarded on specific cases, and set rules on how it will be calculated to prevent further bickering between the parties, and further appeals over the interest that has to be paid.

A Bridge to Wiseman’s cove Essay

The novel A Bridge to Wisemans Cove is about a teenage boy named Carl who is mum left him and his brother to go live with their aunt, who is cruel, selfish and gambles. This book describes how Carl and his younger brother find happiness in the most odd places. In this novel, the author raised some issues like underage drinking, body image, child abuse, gambling, young school leavers and dysfunctional families. Carls family was tearing apart from the start, from his mum occasionally leaving them to defend for themselves as beryl explains later on that mother of yours is always taking off. to finding out that all the three children have different fathers. And Sarah their sister also leaves realizing that they could only make her life worse. The effects of Carls dysfunctional family are vast leaving kids feeling left out and alone, trapped in something that they dont like. Child abuse was a relatively big thing in this book centring the affects that aunt Beryl has on both Harley and Carl, but mostly Harley. She did not want Harley to leave the house. At one end it was looped in the window frame. At the other, met a pair of handcuffs. This is how she kept Harley at home by chaining him up. To where their mum abandons them because she cannot handle looking after them. Child abuse in this book is quite relevant for the teenage audience of this book. Gambling is a significant issue in this book, showing from how it can be addictive to how it almost possesses a person. Aunt Beryl had a gambling problem she had a win at the poker machines. and played almost everyday, and how beryl steels from Carl to get the money to gamble with, leaving Carl with no money for himself or Harley. Gambling is an awful habit that in many cases is hard to escape from and has a big impact on not just one person but friends and family. Body image was also brought up throughout the book. Describing how someone who is unhappy with themselves like Carl and Justine, Carls friend, can still have a good self image and feel good about themselves instead of hiding it. It also reflects on how Carl and Justine have something close,  something to relate to with each other. stomach bulging through the lines of his buttons describes how Carl sees himself in the mirror. Body image is a major topic in any teenagers life and it is great to see that James moloney has relised that and brought it out as a message in his book. Underage drinking is another topic in this novel describing how teenagers are not responsible with alcohol, but try to imagine that they are. Like Maddie (Justines friend) who became drunk on New Years by sculling a mix of rum and coke. It was Just rum and coke, like everyone else, but it didnt have the same effect to everyone else. Underage drinking is a problem that occurs in many teenagers lives and in some cases ruins their lives. Leaving school early is what Carl had to do when he moved to Wisemans Cove after aunt beryls greedy mind took possession of Carls life and made him go get a job instead on going to school, because aunt beryl wanted the money to go gamble with. Harley on the other hand was able to go to school only so he was out of aunt beryls face for the day. Carl was forced to get a job on the barge with aunt beryl squeezing every dollar out of him. With Carl being fifteen years old it was hard for him to get a job but after helping joy (Maddies mum) he was able to help on the barge. I didnt want to take you on.. Skip Duncan complained to Carl about not wanting to work with him. School is one of the essentials for a teenager and you cant just force one to loose the lack of education so easy. A Bridge to Wisemans Cove certainly raises the awareness of alcohol, child abuse, body image and how you feel about yourself, gambling, how families sometimes break up and how leaving school early can ruin some peoples life. I think that this book is great, making people relies that there are problems occurring out there that are usually hidden and un heard or until it is to late. Bibliography – www.bookrags.com/ A Bridge to Wiseman’s Cove Essay ‘With it’s sight restored at last, the bird jerked it’s head sideways to look at Carl and then Joy, as though it was asking, is it true? Am I free?’ James Moloney uses the image of the osprey in several ways throughout the novel. The main technique in which it is represented, is the emotion of the characters finally feeling free in there own way. The first use of the image of the osprey is shown when Carl’s mother Kerry would always leave to go on one of her ‘holiday’s’. I believe that she went on these holidays to make herself feel free. To go away for a few days and leave her real life. But in fact she was never really free. Even on her holidays she always knew that she would eventually have to come back to reality, to her children. It’s not that she didn’t love her kids, she did. Perhaps she just couldn’t handle the stress of having to raise three children as a single parent or maybe just having them around was holding her back. During the prelude of the novel an unknown women gets on board a bus. She waits out of sight and sneaks on the bus when the driver is pre-occupied. She does not have a ticket and no one knows who she is. ‘The driver gunned the engine, commanding its throaty roar and the bus pulled away from the roadhouse into the sea of darkness. Only then did the women sit up and permit herself a smile’ At the end of the novel we find out that this women was Kerry. She was on her way back to her children when the bus she was on drowned into the ocean. In the moment that Kerry died, came the realization that she knew she was finally free. Sarah, Carl’s sister also finds the courage to leave and set herself free. Free from living her own life. Since Sarah was old enough to remember she would always have to depend on herself not her mother. When her mother would leave she would have to look after Carl and Harley as though they were her own. She states in the book ‘I’m only nineteen years old. I’ve got my own life. By the time Harley’s old enough to take care of himself, I’ll be thirty.’ Although I don’t agree with the way Sarah went about just dropping Harley and Carl off at their Aunt Beryl’s, I agree that she has her own life to live and she needed to escape. Consequently, setting herself free. The image of the osprey is shown in a major way within Carl. In many ways the osprey is a mirror image of Carl, in its appearance, pain, suffering, recovery and how it is set free. The image of the osprey is remarkably similar to that of Carl’s. It was a, ‘large bird, brown and grey, its head covered by a canvas hood.’ The description of the osprey matches some aspects of Carl’s body and personality. Carl was a large boy, miserable like the colour grey and he was shy like a hood covering his head. This was because he did not want to see what people responded to his body. He was ashamed of himself and the name his family had. Although by the end of the book Carl realizes that he finally has new friends and a new family. He finds that people like him and that they ignore that he is a Matt. ‘My name is Carl Matt. M-A-T-T.’ Carl screams his name out to the world, he doesn’t care anymore. Carl was free. Free of his worries, free of his fears. He is free from the curse that everyone says he and his family has. He could let go of his sorrowful past and be alive just like how the osprey let go of its painful past and began to fly once again. The way the osprey spread it’s wings and took its first beat against the wind symbolizes the emotions rushing through Carl when he finds out his mum truly did love him and Harley. The journey of the osprey mirrored Carl’s personal life. The osprey was set free in a way that makes Carl feel alive. The image of the osprey is used to represent the characters feeling free. It mainly symbolizes as a metaphor for Carl’s life. The osprey is free from being injured by people by being nurtured from Justine and Joy. Carl was also getting injured by people. Throughout his whole life people were hurting him. Kerry, his mother, Beryl, his aunt, his older sister Sarah and kids calling him names about him weight. When he met Justine and Joy, they saved him. They made him feel alive. They set him free. A Bridge to Wiseman’s Cove Essay A bridge to wiseman’s cove, by James Moloney is a novel about a young man named Carl Matt; it goes through all the difficulties he faces during his life on wattle beach. At the beginning of this novel, the importance of family seems to be the main theme, however, as the story continues, other themes are introduced such as knowing the difference between wrong and right, how one views himself, in other words body image, abandonment, the need for love, neglect, loneliness and many more. Right from the beginning of the story the reader is introduced to some of the fundamental characters of the novel such as Kerry, the mother of Carl, his younger brother Harley and his older sister Sarah. From as early as the first few chapters the theme of abandonment is introduced when Kerry decides to abandon Carl and his two other siblings. But this isn’t the last time you read about abandonment it seems to be a reoccurring event. It is soon discovered that Kerry was also abandoned by her three previous boyfriends that she had a child each with! Sarah then tells Carl and Harley that they will be spending their holidays with their Aunt Beryl in Wattle beach while she goes on a holiday of her own. Its not long till they realise that Sarah won’t be coming back from her holiday any time soon, meaning Carl has been abandoned once again. Once you think no one else could leave Carl, Harley leaves him too live with the Duncan’s family, while living with beryl for him becomes unbearable. Being abandoned so many times, Carl is left feeling hurt, confused and neglected! This is where the themes loneliness and the need for love come in. When Carl first arrives, he is miserable and lonely: â€Å"alone in the park, Carl wishes he was a concrete statute, set there for the birds to sit on. No thoughts, no cares, no pain, just years of weathering in the sun and rain until there was nothing more† (pg. 29) He is later told by Justine that he has been â€Å"playing dead† (p. 184). Carl finally admits that he is hurt inside by what he is mother has done, and he doesn’t even know if he is loved or not. He explains to Justine that â€Å"there’s something broken inside of me. Every time I try open up it hurts and I have to stop† (p. 278). â€Å"I’m angry.  All the time it was that one fear. That she didn’t love me.† (p. 232) Carl is big, awkward, and well aware of his body. The Oxford dictionary defines â€Å"body image† as the subjective picture or mental image of one’s own body. For Carl body image is important, other then being low is self esteem, he is so self-conscience of what other people might say or think about him he wore a t-shirt when he went swimming to protect himself from public humiliation, â€Å"he was ashamed of his fleshly bulges in front of the war-painted life savers† (p. 44). As a defence mechanism Carl would often draw his arms to his stomach in order to hide it when he felt uncomfortable (p. 45) and this shows that his body image is always in his thoughts.

Marine Transportation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marine Transportation - Assignment Example Reasonably, the growing demand for different commodities in different economies around the globe forces for the massive transportation of containerized goods, which on the point of destination will be offloaded and transported inland to the actual location through road and rail transport. Up to the present, over a million vessels have transited through the Panama Canal with a similar number passing through the Suez Canal (Talley 90). Arguably, the two canals have served to benefit adjacent economies to achieve abundant economic growth rates. For instance, the Suez Canal affected Egypt’s industrialization to an extent that the country reigned as a growing economy in the Northern part of the African continent. The rapid growth in maritime transportation is influential to the continued expansion of the waterways (92). The increment in the vessels’ size has served to the advantage of the economies adjacent to the canals citing on the cargo handling processes in the ports whenever. 2. Maritime strategic passages (Suez Canal, Panama Canal, etc.) provide an important service to global shipping and international trade. Discuss the likely economic impact that a disruption of traffic (through an act of piracy) in the Gulf of Aden would have on the Suez Canal, global shipping and international trade. Maritime passages’ purpose of creation emanated from the need for ease in sea transport through the creation of waterways that would shorten the distances of each voyage. In the absence of these canals, ships would have to embark on long distances thus; the cost of sea transport shall increase in the long run. It is knowledgeable that the cost of shipping would escalate if an inland waterway would close or be disrupted. These disruptions, for example, those present in the Suez Canal and the threat of piracy in the Gulf of Aden since 1957 and in the early 2006 force for changes in trade routes whereby ships engage on lengthy voyages from departure to the